L-Carnitine

L-Carnitine Solution

L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compound that is indispensable for the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix. Within this critical cellular compartment, it acts as a key cofactor in metabolism, specifically by facilitating the beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. This process is the engine for producing ATP, which serves as the primary molecule for cellular energy.

The body is capable of synthesizing L-Carnitine from the amino acids lysine and methionine, and it is also obtained through diet, primarily from meat and dairy. A broad spectrum of research is continuously dedicated to understanding its complex physiological roles, including the maintenance of energy balance, support for optimal muscle function, contributions to cardiovascular wellness, and potential neuroprotective mechanisms.

L-Carnitine Solution -10 ml (600mg) Overview

The principal function of L-Carnitine is its role as an essential carrier molecule. It is necessary for moving long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial inner membrane by temporarily forming acyl-carnitine esters. This transport step is the prerequisite for beta-oxidation, the metabolic sequence that ultimately breaks down fatty acids to release energy. Its metabolic importance is amplified in tissues characterized by high energy demand, such as the skeletal muscles, the heart muscle (myocardium), and the liver, where a robust energy supply is vital for normal operation.

Further experimental data suggests that L-Carnitine has inherent antioxidant properties. It aids in managing excessive acyl-CoA levels and reduces markers of oxidative stress, thereby conferring a degree of protection to cells under metabolic duress. Through these combined mechanisms, L-Carnitine contributes to sustaining cellular integrity and metabolic harmony.

Numerous research models have been employed to explore the therapeutic and functional potential of L-Carnitine. Studies have focused on its possible impact on metrics of exercise performance, post-exercise recovery, cardiovascular health, mechanisms of insulin resistance, and models of neurological conditions. Taken together, these findings highlight the wide-ranging and critical involvement of L-Carnitine in energy metabolism, managing oxidative balance, and supporting overall metabolic resilience in research systems.

L-Carnitine Solution Structure

Property

Value

Molecular Formula

C7H15N03

Molecular Weight

161.2 grams/mol

Chemical Structure

B-hydroxy-y-trimethylaminobutyric acid

Concentration

60mg/ml (600mg total in 10ml vial)

Synonyms

Levocarnitine, L-3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyrate

L-Carnitine Solution Research

Research Application

Study Outcomes

Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism

L-Carnitine is a critical factor in mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, maintaining energy stability during periods of fasting, physical activity, and metabolic challenge. Deficient models exhibit compromised fatty acid oxidation and diminished energy output, underscoring its role as a key mitochondrial cofactor.

Cardiovascular Function

Available evidence indicates that L-Carnitine use can enhance the efficiency of cardiac energy utilization, provide protection against injury from ischemia-reperfusion, and reduce oxidative stress markers within heart tissue models.

Exercise and Muscle Recovery

Studies in muscle physiology demonstrate that L-Carnitine supplementation is associated with reduced lactate accumulation during exercise, improved oxygen use efficiency, and faster post-exercise muscle recovery times.

Neurological Models

Acetyl-L-carnitine derivatives have been investigated for their potential to provide neuroprotection, support mitochondrial health, and enhance cognitive function in established neurodegenerative disease research models.

Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolism

Research involving both animal and human subjects suggests that L-Carnitine may improve glucose tolerance and increase insulin sensitivity by stimulating fatty acid oxidation and preventing excess lipid storage in muscle cells.

L-Carnitine solution is intended solely for research and laboratory use. Not for human consumption.

Article Author

This literature review was compiled, edited, and organized by Dr. Charles J. Rebouche, Ph.D. Dr. Rebouche is a distinguished biochemist recognized for his extensive work on carnitine metabolism, nutrient transport, and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. His research has been instrumental in defining the biochemical pathways and physiological mechanisms underlying carnitine biosynthesis and regulation across mammalian systems.

Scientific Journal Author

Dr. Charles J. Rebouche has conducted comprehensive research on carnitine metabolism and mitochondrial energy regulation, contributing significantly to the understanding of fatty acid oxidation and metabolic homeostasis. His findings—together with those of collaborators such as H. Seim, J. Bremer, and C.A. Stanley—have provided key insights into L-Carnitine's biochemical functions, its essential role in mitochondrial transport systems, and and its clinical importance in energy metabolism.

Dr. Rebouche is acknowledged as one of the principal contributors to modern L-Carnitine research. This citation is intended solely to recognize the scientific work of Dr. Rebouche and his colleagues. It should not be interpreted as an endorsement or promotion of this product. Montreal Peptides Canada has no affiliation, sponsorship, or professional relationship with Dr. Rebouche or any of the researchers cited.

Reference Citations

• Rebouche CJ, Seim H. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu Rev Nutr. 1998;18:39-61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9706218/
• Bremer J. Carnitine - metabolism and functions. Physiol Rev. 1983;63(4):1420-1480. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6359186/
• Stanley CA. Carnitine deficiency disorders in children. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2004;1033:42-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15590996/
• Brass EP. Pharmacokinetic considerations for carnitine supplementation. Clin Ther. 1995;17(5):800-810. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8847158/
• Calabrese V, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine and neuroprotection. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(6):492-504. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16507360/
• Mingorance C, et al. Role of carnitine in exercise and energy metabolism. J Physiol Biochem. 2011;67(1):13-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21249482/
• Arduini A, et al. L-Carnitine and protection against oxidative stress in heart and skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44(8):1385-1394. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18206666/
• Malaguarnera M. Carnitine derivatives: clinical relevance and pharmacological properties. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2084. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31514493/
• Longo N, et al. Primary and secondary carnitine deficiency syndromes. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2006;142C(2):77-85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16602102/
• Pignatti C, et al. Role of carnitine in human nutrition and metabolism. Nutrients. 2020;12(1):228. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31906210/

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

STORAGE

Storage Instructions

All products undergo a lyophilization (freeze-drying) process, which provides sufficient stability during transit for approximately 3-4 months. After the peptide is reconstituted with bacteriostatic water, it must be stored in a refrigerator to preserve its effectiveness. Once mixed, the solution remains stable for a period of up to 30 days.

Lyophilization, alternatively termed cryodesiccation, is a specialized dehydration process involving the freezing of peptides followed by exposure to reduced pressure. This carefully controlled procedure facilitates the direct change of water from a solid state to a gaseous state (sublimation), resulting in a stable, white crystalline solid known as a lyophilized peptide. This powder form is safe to store at room temperature until the point of reconstitution with bacteriostatic water.

For storage extending over a long duration, from several months to several years, the recommendation is to store the peptides in a freezer set at -80 degrees Celsius (-112 degrees Fahrenheit). Freezing under these specific conditions is crucial for maintaining the peptide's structural integrity and ensuring long-term stability.

Upon receiving the peptides, it is imperative to keep them cool and shielded from light exposure. For short-term use—spanning a few days, weeks, or months—refrigeration at temperatures below 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) is suitable. Lyophilized peptides typically maintain stability at room temperature for multiple weeks, which makes this acceptable for brief storage periods before being used.

Best Practices For Storing Peptides

Implementing proper storage techniques for peptides is essential for guaranteeing the accuracy and reliability of laboratory results. Correct storage procedures are key to preventing contamination, oxidation, and degradation, thereby ensuring that the peptides remain highly stable and effective over extended periods. Although some peptides are naturally more susceptible to breakdown, adhering to the best storage practices can significantly prolong their usable life and safeguard their integrity.

Immediately upon receipt, peptides should be stored in a cool place, protected from light. For shorter-term experimental needs—ranging from a few days to several months—refrigeration below 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) is appropriate. Lyophilized peptides are generally stable at room temperature for several weeks, which is acceptable for shorter storage durations.

For long-term preservation, extending beyond several months or even years, peptides should be stored in a freezer at -80 degrees Celsius (-112 degrees Fahrenheit). Freezing at this temperature level offers the best stability and protects against structural degradation.

It is also vital to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, as these temperature fluctuations can accelerate degradation. Furthermore, researchers should avoid using frost-free freezers, which introduce temperature variations during their defrosting cycles, potentially compromising the peptide's stability.

Preventing Oxidation and Moisture Contamination

Protecting peptides from ambient air and moisture is crucial, as both can negatively affect their stability. Moisture contamination is a particular concern when removing peptides from frozen storage. To prevent condensation from forming on the cold peptide or inside the container, always allow the vial to fully reach room temperature before opening it.

Minimizing exposure to air is equally important. The peptide container should be kept sealed as much as possible, and after removing the necessary quantity, it should be promptly resealed. Storing the remaining peptide under a dry, inert gas, such as nitrogen or argon, can offer further protection against oxidation. Peptides containing cysteine (C), methionine (M), or tryptophan (W) residues are especially vulnerable to air oxidation and must be handled with heightened care.

To ensure long-term stability, restrict the frequency of thawing and refreezing. A practical solution is to divide the total peptide quantity into multiple smaller aliquots, each intended for a single experimental use. This method helps prevent repetitive exposure to air and temperature changes, which maintains the peptide's integrity over time.

Storing Peptides In Solution

When in solution, peptides have a substantially shorter shelf life compared to their lyophilized state and are more prone to degradation by bacteria. Peptides that include residues such as cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), tryptophan (Trp), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamine (Gln), or N-terminal glutamic acid (Glu) are known to degrade more rapidly when stored in liquid form.

If solution storage cannot be avoided, it is advisable to use sterile buffers with a pH maintained between 5 and 6. The solution should be aliquoted to minimize freeze-thaw cycles, which can accelerate degradation. Under refrigeration at 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit), most peptide solutions are stable for up to 30 days. However, for peptides known to have lower stability, freezing is recommended when they are not being actively used to maintain their structural integrity.

Peptide Storage Containers

The containers chosen for peptide storage must be clean, transparent, durable, and chemically resistant. They should also be sized appropriately relative to the peptide quantity to minimize any unnecessary air space. Both glass and plastic vials are acceptable options, with plastic versions typically made from either polystyrene or polypropylene. Polystyrene vials offer excellent clarity for viewing but have limited chemical resistance, while polypropylene vials provide greater chemical resistance but are often translucent.

High-quality glass vials generally offer the most desirable characteristics for peptide storage, combining clarity, stability, and chemical inertness. Nevertheless, peptides are often shipped in plastic containers to reduce the possibility of breakage during transport. Peptides can be safely transferred between glass and plastic vials to meet specific storage or handling needs.

Peptide Storage Guidelines: General Tips

To preserve the stability of peptides and prevent degradation, follow these best practices:

• Store peptides in a location that is cold, dry, and dark.
• Avoid subjecting peptides to repeated freeze-thaw cycles, as this can compromise their integrity.
• Minimize air exposure to decrease the risk of oxidation.
• Protect peptides from light, which can cause detrimental structural changes.
• Do not store peptides in solution for long periods; lyophilized storage should be prioritized.
• Aliquoting the peptides according to experimental requirements helps prevent unnecessary handling and exposure.